Human Centered And Life Centered Systems Of Environmental...

Biocentrism is the theory that within the world inherent value is extended to all living things. This means that Biocentrism, in most examples, encourages the protection of animal rights, the environment and biodiversity. With these ideas of inherent value and respecting the environment it is not surprising that the approach is based around the idea that mankind, and no other species for that matter, is more superior to another. This means that within this theory man himself is considered to be apart of nature also. A significant development in Biocentrism has been Paul W. Taylor’s text, The Ethics of Respect for Nature (1, 1986) within which he brings to relevance four related ideas to be main pillars for the theory. These are labeled as â€Å"I. Human-Centered and Life-Centered Systems of Environmental Ethics† â€Å"II. The Good of A Being and The Concept of Inherent Worth† â€Å"III. The Attitude of Respect For Nature† and the last being â€Å"IV. The Justifiability of The Attitude of Respect for Nature†. It is similarly that within Animal Rights and Human Obligations (2,1976) Peter Singer’s takes a stand to support his theory that if we can acknowledge that animals can be sentient beings then they deserve the same level of equality that is extended throughout human beings. Another person who has over the years helped to develop the biocentric theory to where it is today is Aldo Leopold. He has been linked to biocentrism due an essay called â€Å"The Land Ethic† which was released in 1987Show MoreRelatedAldo Leopold’S Essay â€Å"The Land Ethic† Was Published In1122 Words   |  5 PagesAldo Leopold’s essay â€Å"The Land Ethic† was published in A Sand County Almanac. The short paper confronts the imperfections in the most common approaches in preserving the environment. Leopold’s answer is to develop a new branch of environmental ethics to model humanity’s ever-changing relationship with the environment. Leopold observantly describes the history of ethics, the meaning of community with the land and why it’s appropriate to do so. Toward the end of the essay – as the reader is ready forRead More Environmental Ethics Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesNeed for Environmental Ethics â€Å"Unless humanity is suicidal, it should want to preserve, at the minimum, the natural life-support systems and processes required to sustain its own existence† (Daily p.365). I agree with scientist Gretchen Daily that drastic action is needed now to prevent environmental disaster. Immediate action and changes in attitude are not only necessary for survival but are also morally required. In this paper, I will approach the topic of environmental ethics from severalRead MoreUnderstanding The Interdisciplinary Field Of Healthcare Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesand set the precedence for quality patient centered care continue to influence health care and nursing (Finkleman Kenner, 2016). Health care leaders of this era influentially lead to organizations, such as Institute of Medicine (IOM) that promotes quality care through core competencies, and the American Nurses Association (ANA) holds true to the legacy of nursing while guiding the future of nursing with foundatio nal guidelines such as the Code of Ethics. Five Core Competencies To reduce clinicalRead MoreYeah717 Words   |  3 Pagesargued that unregulated exploitation would cause environmental depletion. What is environmental science? Name several disciplines involved in environmental science. Environmental Science is the study of how the natural world works and how humans and the environment interact. Environmental Science in an interdisciplinary field which requires expertise from ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Contrast the two meanings of scienceRead MoreEnvironmental Ethics And Its Impact On The Environment1833 Words   |  8 Pagesntroduction and Thesis Environmental ethics is a branch of philosophy that examines human relationships to, and the ways they interact with, the environment. When it was noticed, that the increasing world population was negatively impacting the environment, as well as the use of pesticides, technology and industrialization, environmental ethics emerged as a field of study. Environmental ethics takes into consideration the value and moral standing of the environment and its non-human entities. It focusesRead More Environmental Ethics Essay example2762 Words   |  12 Pagescurrent rate, were headed for and environmental disaster, many say, but how much truth does that statement hold. Have humans really destroyed, pillaged, and polluted enough to cause a serious, wide scale, disaster? If not, then can we continue on without changing, and not learn from our mistakes? If so, then can we do anything today that will bring about a tomorrow available to us? All of these questions hold great pertinence for our current situation. Humans dont exactly hold the best trackRead MoreThe American Association Of Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom participating in events in society because of their functional disabilities. Environmental and personal factors also play a role in affecting people’s lives (CDC, 2014). According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2009): An individual with a disability is defined by the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a personRead MoreOur Knowledge Of Living Things Increases Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesAs our knowledge of living things increases, as we come to a deeper understanding of their life cycles, their interactions with other organisms, and the manifold ways in which they adjust to the environment, we become more fully aware of how each of them is carrying out its biological functions according to the laws of its species-specific nature. But besides this, our increasing knowledge and understanding also develop in us a sharpened awareness of the uniqueness of each individual organism. ScientistsRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Philosophy1481 Words   |  6 Pagesand other healthcare professionals, while working in different setting as a nursing in the health care. This also addresses nurse s ethics, goal and values as it relates to my nursing practice. My Nursing Philosophy is based on five components: nursing, Person, environment, holistic care and health. Person: One of the central concept in nursing care is person or human being (McEwen and Wills 2007). My nursing philosophy focused on treating each person as a unique individual that deserves to be valuedRead MoreWhat Is Human Services?1217 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: WHAT IS HUMAN SERVICES? What is Human Services? Candice K. Holt BSHS/302 University of Phoenix August 24, 2009 The Goal of Human Services Human Services is the practice of assisting needy and less fortunate individuals with meeting their basic needs in life. â€Å"The Human Services profession is one which promotes improved service delivery systems by addressing not only the quality of direct services, but also by seeking to improve accessibility, accountability, and coordination

The Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India

The Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India â€Å"The practitioners of evil, the hoarders, the profiteers, the black marketers and speculators are the worst enemies of our society. They have to be dealt with sternly, however well placed important and influential they may be; if we acquiesce in wrongdoing, people will lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional Doctrinal research method. As most of the information can be sought form the available literature. So the researcher has chosen doctrinal method as method of research for the present article and has used books, journals, research articles for†¦show more content†¦The term ‘crime is also contentious as many of the harmful activities of businesses or occupational groups are not subject to criminal law and punishment but to administrative or regulatory law and ‘penalties or ‘sanctions. Therefore, a region specific definition of White Collar Crime can be:-- â€Å"White Collar Crime is an illegal act or series of illegal act for achieving an illegal objective committed by any person by non-physically or non-violent means and by guile, to gain money or property wrongfully or to avoid payment of legal dues or retain money or property wrongfully as to obtain wrongful business of personal advantage.† White Collar Crimes Broad Categories This list is indicative of the broad categories of White Collar Crime prevalent in India and all over the world but cannot be considered comprehensive. Bank Fraud--To engage in an act or pattern of activity where the purpose is to defraud a bank of funds, Blackmail--A demand for money or other consideration under threat to do bodily harm, to injure property, to accuse of a crime, or to expose secrets, Bribery--When money, goods, services, information or anything else of value is offered with intent to influence the actions, opinions, or decisions of the taker, Cellular Phone Fraud--The unauthorized use, tampering, or manipulation of a cellular phone or service, Computer fraud--WhereShow MoreRelatedThe White Collar Crime And Economic Crimes2126 Words   |  9 PagesIn India, the Law Commission in its 29th Report pointed out more or less the same factors as responsible for the rise of economic crimes, particularly, the white collar crimes. It observed, â€Å"The advance of technological and scientific development is contributing to the emergence of mass society, with a large rank and file and small controlling elite, encouraging the growth of monopolies, the rise of managerial class and intricate institutional mechanisms. Strict adherence to a high standard of ethicalRead MoreUnderground Economy4900 Words   |  20 Pagesincome earnt; ââ€" ª Self sufficiency (If a farmer grows his own food, he will not appear to have any income, his sustenance comes from his own produce, but, there is no buying and selling). Economic activity which is not recorded can create a real problem for governments, such as: ââ€" ª Difficulty in measuring GDP and living standards. ââ€" ª Difficulty in regulating standards in the black economy. ââ€" ª Criminal activity. ââ€" ª Loss of Tax Revenue ââ€" ª Inequality. Firms benefit from avoidingRead MoreIncreasing Crimes7023 Words   |  29 PagesINCREASING CRIMES/SUICIDES AMONG THE YOUTH OF INDIA. INCREASING CRIME RATES AMONG THE YOUTH IN INDIA. Introduction: Open any newspaper or tune into any news channel and you can be pretty sure to stumble upon crimes of all sorts ranging from petty thefts to dacoity, murder, terrorism, sexual crimes and the like. The statistics show that the miscreants have been found quite focused and determined at their jobs. In India for instance, as per the National Crime Records Bureau, incidences of crime sinceRead More The Media Influence on Society Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagesconcrete, and objective. Without much knowledge of race relation in American, I came to the States in 2008. I found it very diverse with a myriad of background and histories. Growing up, I had the impression of America as a â€Å"perfect non-racist† nation because of what I used to read and watch on television in my country, India. Unfortunately, it was just a false illusion fed to me by my media. My naivetà © shattered when a man threw a bottle at my friend and yelled, â€Å"Terrorist† while he was riding theRead MoreCurbing Unemployment Through Skills Acquisition: a Study of the National Directorate of Employment (Nde), Kaduna State7193 Words   |  29 PagesWhat has been happening to inequality? What has b een happening to unemployment? If all three of these have declined from high level, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development for the country concerned. If one or two of these central problems have been worse especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result â€Å"development† even if per capita income doubled. As a result of this consequence and the rising rate of unemployment, the Federal Government of Nigeria establishedRead MoreAmerica s New York City1818 Words   |  8 PagesDonald Trump speaks among a crowd of hundreds: â€Å"They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.† This is how a portion of American citizens perceive immigrants, and as the 2016 Presidential election gets closer the word â€Å"immigration† gets treated more delicately as if it were a new phenomenon. However, immigration is no new or delicate subject for New York City. In fact, residents (like in Queens) find it odd if a New Yorker isn’t of hybrid generationRead MoreEconomic Globalization and China Essay2714 Words   |  11 Pagescompete with the larger, more developed ones such as the United States and other large western economies. For instance, technical engineers in India and China are now just as qualified as e ngineers in America, but at half the cost. The once large and prosperous service sector in the United States as well as telemarketing services have largely been sourced to India as a large exodus of American multinational corporations find cheaper workers who deliver comparable quality. This then seems to be the essenceRead MoreSocial Work Education : The Wake Of Globalization : Trends And Challenges3133 Words   |  13 Pagesrameshbmsw@gmail.com Abstract Education for the practice of Professional Social Work has begun in India in 1936 at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay which had altogether Urban Orientation and Western Base expanding a large number of Social Work Institution which has spread across the country. Indeed it is ironical to note that even after 78 years of its inception, the Social work Education in India has been profoundly influenced by the western Ideas and Ideologies. The Genesis of Social WorkRead MoreEarnings Management, in Exchange Listed Companies, Is Not Fraud but a Case of Caveat Emptor for Investors2071 Words   |  9 PagesINTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Sofia â€Å"Earnings management, in exchange listed companies, is not fraud but a case of caveat emptor for investors† Coursework in BUSINESS FINANCIAL CRIME Student registration No: 479866 Program: International Finance and Trade, Level 2 Lecturer: A. Paparizov â€Å"Earnings management, in exchange listed companies, is not fraud but a case of caveat emptor for investors† With the development of the stock markets and the huge grow in the volume of money tradedRead MoreThe Structural Change Of The Inner City Job Market2578 Words   |  11 PagesThe drastic reduction of stable manufacturing work in American cities remains one of the biggest, if not the foremost, issue linked to poverty. The growth in blue-collar factory, transportation and construction jobs that were traditionally held by men has dissipated for a variety of reasons, from Globalization to the rise in Illegal Immigration. This structural change in the inner-city job market is of particular interest because of the amalgamation of both Economics and Poverty/Segregation issues

Death of a Salesman Personal Response free essay sample

he Loman family is a family that people can easily relate to. The two sons, Billy and Happy, face a decision that many teens have to face. This decision is to choose their future jobs. As a teenager myself I know how tough it is to choose between doing what you like and doing what society or your parents approve, or what has a good income, etc. Willy is a salesman and he wants his sons to become business guys, however Billy does not like the business life, he’d rather live in a farm. This phsychologic conflict can happen to any teen. It’s a hard decision to choose between something that you like, however, not very well recognized and seen. For these reasons, teenagers go into college for example and two/three years into the course they selected they decide to change. Another reason to why the Loman family is so relatable is because Willy did not achieve his goal in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a Salesman Personal Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his head, he was the best salesman but in reality he had failed what he had planned for himself. It is common for many people to aim high but not be able to achieve their goals. So, the feeling of failure is something that many people can relate to. This feeling of failure comes with sadness, denial, anger, and frustration, all mixed together. Many times people fail and stay in denial, they rather not admit to themselves that they actually DID fail. Reading this book, people who are maybe in the same situation as Willy can relate and see how denial and failure works out, and perhaps realize that failure is not necessarily something to be ashamed of, everyone fails. One more reason to why this family is so easily to relate to is because many guys cheat on their wives. Unfortunetely this is a reality since a long time a go. Men not always stay true and loyal to their wives, and this is another factor that makes this family so ‘common’ and relatable, many people can put themselves in one of the characters shoes.

Obligations and Contracts Reviewer free essay sample

By prescription, one acquires ownership and other real rights through the lapse of time in the manner and under the conditions laid down by law. In the same way, rights and actions are lost by prescription. COMMENT: (1) De? nition of Prescription Prescription is a mode of acquiring (or losing) ownership and other real rights thru the lapse of time in the manner and under the conditions laid down by law, namely, that the possession should be: (a) in the concept of an owner (b) public (c) peaceful (d) uninterrupted. (Arts. 1106, 1118, Civil Code). (e) adverse. In order that a possession may really be adverse, the claimant must clearly, de? nitely, and unequivocally notify the owner of his (the claimant’s) intention to avert an exclusive ownership in himself. (Clendenin v. Clendenin, 181 N. C. 465 and Director of Lands v. Abiertas, CA-GR 91-R, Mar. 13, 1947, 44 O. G. 923). 1 Art. 1106 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (2) Proof Needed Because prescription is an extraordinary mode of acquiring ownership, all the essential ingredients, particularly the period of time, must be shown clearly. We will write a custom essay sample on Obligations and Contracts Reviewer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Boyo v. Makabenta, CA-GR 7941-R, Nov. 24, 1952). (3) Reasons or Bases for Prescription (a) Economic necessity (otherwise, property rights would remain unstable). Director of Lands, et al. v. Funtillar, et al. GR 68533, May 23, 1986 FACTS: Where the land sought to be registered was declared alienable and disposable 33 years ago, and is no longer a forest land, and the same has been possessed and cultivated by the applicants and their predecessors for at least three generations. HELD: The attempts of humble people to have disposable lands they have been tilling for generations titled in their names should not only be viewed with an understanding attitude but should, as a matter of policy, be encouraged. (b) Freedom from judicial harassment (occasioned by claims without basis). (c) Convenience in procedural matters (in certain instances, juridical proof is dispensed with). (d) Presumed abandonment or waiver (in view of the owner’s indifference or inaction). (4) Classi? cation of Prescription (a) as to whether rights are acquired or lost: 1) acquisitive prescription (prescription of ownership and other real rights). a) ordinary prescription b) extraordinary prescription 2 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 2) (b) Art. 1106 extinctive prescription (â€Å"liberatory prescription;’’ prescription of actions); (â€Å"Statute of Limitations’’). as to the object or subject matter: 1) prescription of property a) b) 2) prescription of real property prescription of personal rights prescription of rights (5) Laches Laches (or â€Å"estoppel by laches†) is unreasonable delay in the bringing of a cause of action before the courts of justice. Thus, if an action prescribes say in ten (10) years, it should be brought to court as soon as possible, without waiting for 8 or 9 years, unless the delay can be justi? ably explained (as when there is a search for evidence). Note therefore, that while an action has not yet prescribed, it may no longer be brought to court because of laches. As de? ned by the Supreme Court, â€Å"laches is failure or neglect, for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time, to do that which, by exercising due diligence, could or should have been done earlier; it is negligence or omission to assert a right within a reasonable time, warranting a presumption that the party entitled thereto either has abandoned it or declined to assert it. However, courts will not be bound by strictures of the statute of limitations or laches when manifest wrong or injuries would result thereby. † (Cristobal v. Melchor, 78 SCRA 175). Arradaza, et al. v. CA Larrazabal GR 50422, Feb. 8, 1989 The principle of laches is a creation of equity. It is applied, not really to penalize neglect or sleeping upon one’s right, but rather to avoid recognizing a right when to do so would result in a clearly inequitable situation. (6) Rationale for Laches If a person fails to act as soon as possible in vindication of an alleged right, it is possible that the right does not really exist. 3 Art. 1106 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (7) ‘Prescription’ Distinguished from ‘Laches’ Mapa III v. Guanzon 77 SCRA 387 While prescription is concerned with the FACT of delay, laches deals with the EFFECT of unreasonable delay. David v. Bandin GR 48322, Apr. 8, 1987 FACTS: A and B, husband and wife, died intestate, leaving two children, X and Y. X had been administering the property until her death in Feb. 15, 1955. Plaintiffs, the children of Y, were given their shares of the fruits of the property, though irregular and at times little, depending on the amount of the harvest. On April 23, 1963, plaintiffs, the children of Y, sent a letter of demand to the heirs of X for partition, and on June 14, 1963, or within a period of approximately 8 years from X’s death, ? led their complaint against X’s heirs. HELD: Plaintiffs cannot be held guilty of laches, nor is their claim barred by prescription. Plaintiffs were not guilty of negligence nor did they sleep on their rights. Prescription generally does not run in favor of a co-heir or co-owner as long as he expressly or impliedly recognizes the coownership. While implied or constructive trust prescribes in 10 years, the rule does not apply where a ? duciary relation exists and the trustee recognizes the trust. Gallardo v. Intermediate Appellate Court GR 67742, Oct. 29, 1987 In determining whether a delay in seeking to enforce a right constitutes laches, the existence of a con? dential relationship between the parties is an important circumstance for consideration. A delay under such circumstance is not as strictly regarded as where the parties are strangers to each other. The doctrine of laches is not strictly applied between near relatives, and the fact that parties are connected by ties of blood or marriage tends to excuse an otherwise unreasonable delay. 4 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1106 Narciso Buenaventura Maria Buenaventura v. CA Manotok Realty, Inc. GR 50837, Dec. 28, 1992 The defense of laches applies independently of prescription. Laches is different from the statute of limitations. Prescription is concerned with the fact of delay, whereas laches is concerned with the effect of delay. Prescription is a matter of time; laches is principally a question of inequity of permitting a claim to be enforced, this inequity being founded on the same change in the condition of the property or the relation of the parties. Prescription is statutory; laches is not. Laches applies in equity, whereas prescription applies at law. Prescription is based on ? xed time; laches is not. (8) Constitutional Provision The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public of? cials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel. (Sec. 15, Art. XI, The 1987 Philippine Constitution). (9) Cases Republic v. Animas 56 SCRA 871 Prescription does not run against the State, especially because the recovery of unlawfully acquired properties has become a State policy. Aldovino v. Alunan III 49 SCAD 340 (1994) Prescription must yield to the higher interest of justice. Francisco v. CA 122 SCRA 538 Philippine jurisprudence shows that the ? ling of the complaint, even if merely for purposes of preliminary examination 5 Art. 1106 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES or investigation, suspends and interrupts the running of the prescriptive period. (10) Prescriptive Period on Registered Land covered by Torrens System Quirino Mateo Matias v. Dorotea Diaz, et al. GR 137305, Jan. 17, 2002 FACTS: The land involved is registered under the Torrens system in the name of petitioners’ father Claro Mateo. There is no question raised with respect to the validity of the title. Immediately after petitioners discovered the existence of OCT 206 in 1977 or 1978, they took steps to assert their rights thereto. They divided the land between the two of them in an extrajudicial partition. Then petitioners ? led the case below to recover ownership and possession as the only surviving children of original owners, the late Claro Mateo. The Regional Trial Court (RTC), Bulacan, at Malolos, ruled that prescription and laches are applicable against petitioners, that real actions over an immovable prescribe after 30 years, that ownership can be acquired thru possession in good faith and with just title for a period of 10 years, and that ownership may be acquired thru uninterrupted adverse possession for 30 years without need of just title or of good faith. The Court of Appeals (CA) af? rmed that of the trial court, thus, this petition for review on certiorari. ISSUE: Whether or not the equitable doctrine of laches may override a provision of the Land Registration Act on imprescriptibility of title to registered land. Otherwise put, the issue raised is whether prescription and the equitable principle of laches are applicable in derogation of the title of the registered owner. HELD: A party who had ? led immediately a case as soon as he discovered that the land in question was covered by a transfer certi? cate in the name of another person is not guilty of laches. (St. Peter Memorial Park, Inc. v. Cleofas, 92 SCRA 389 [1979]). An action to recover possession of a registered land never prescribe in view of the provision of Sec. 44 of Act 496 (now 6 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1106 Sec. 47 of PD 1529) to the effect that no title to registered land in derogation to that of a registered owner shall be acquired by prescription or adverse possession. (J. M. Tuason Co. v. Aquirre, 7 SCRA 109 [1963]). In fact, there is a host of jurisprudence that hold that prescription and laches could not apply to registered land covered by the Torrens system. (Bishop v. CA, 208 SCRA 636 [1992] and St. Peter Memorial Park, Inc. v. Cleofas, supra). With more reason are these principles applicable to laches, which is an equitable principle. Laches may not prevail against a speci? c provision of law, since equity, which has been de? ned as â€Å"justice outside legality† is applied in the obscene of and not against statutory law or rules of procedure. (Causapin v. CA, 233 SCRA 615 [1994]). Upon the other hand, the heirs of the registered owner are not estopped from claiming their father’s property, since they merely stepped into the shoes of the previous owners. Prescription is unavailing not only against the registered owner, but also against his hereditary successors because the latter merely step into the shoes of the decedent by operation of law and are merely the continuation of the personality of their predecessorin-interest. (Teo? la de Guinoo v. CA [97 Phil. 235] and Gil Atun v. Eusebio Nunez [97 Phil. 762]). The CA erred in ordering the Register of Deeds to cancel OCT 206 of Claro Mateo and issue new titles to those who are occupying the subject land. This violates the indefeasibility of a Torrens title. The title of Claro Mateo could be cancelled only if there is competent proof that he had transferred his rights over the parcel of land to another party, otherwise title would pass to his heirs only by testate or intestate succession. The fallo: The Supreme Court thereupon reverses the CA’s decision. In lieu thereof, the Court remands the case to the trial court for determination of the heirs of Claro Mateo in a proper proceeding. Far East Bank Trust Co. v. Estrella O. Querimit GR 148582, Jan. 16, 2002 FACTS: Respondent deposited her savings with petitionerbank. She did not withdraw her deposit even after maturity date 7 Art. 1106 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES of the certi? cates of deposit (CDs) precisely because she wanted to set it aside for her retirement, relying on the bank’s assurance, as re? ected on the face of the instruments themselves, that interest would â€Å"accrue† or accumulate annually even after their maturity. Petitioner-bank failed to prove that it had already paid respondent, bearer and lawful holder of subject CDs, i. e. , petitioner failed to prove that the CDs had been paid out of its funds, since evidence by respondent stands unrebutted that subject CDs until now remain unindorsed, undelivered, and unwithdrawn by her. ISSUE: Would it be unjust to allow the doctrine of laches to defeat the right of respondent to recover her savings which she deposited with the petitioner? HELD: Yes, it would be unjust not to allow respondent to recover her savings which she deposited with petitioner-bank. For one, Petitioner failed to exercise that degree of diligence required by the nature of its business. (Art. 1173). Because the business of banks is impressed with public interest, the degree of diligence required of banks is more than that of a good father of the family or of an ordinary business ? rm. The ? duciary nature of their relationship with their depositors requires banks to treat accounts of their clients with the highest degree of care. (Canlas v. CA, 326 SCRA 415 [2000]). A bank is under obligation to treat accounts of its depositors with meticulous care whether such accounts consist only of a few hundred pesos or of millions of pesos. Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of every kind of obligation is demandable. (Prudential Bank v. CA, 328 SCRA 264 [2000]). Petitioner failed to prove payment of the subject CDs issued to respondent and, therefore, remains liable for the value of the dollar deposits indicated thereon with accrued interest. A certi? cate of deposit is de? ned as a written acknowledgment by a bank or banker of the receipt of a sum of money on deposit which the bank or banker promises to pay to the depositor, to the order of the depositor, or to some other person or his order, whereby the relation of debtor and creditor between the bank and the depositor is created. Principles governing other 8 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1106 types of bank deposits are applicable to CDs (10 AM Juri 2d Sec. 455), as are the rules governing promissory notes when they contain an unconditional promise to pay a sum certain of money absolutely. (Ibid. , Sec. 457). The principle that payment, in order to discharge a debt, must be made to someone authorized to receive it is applicable to the payment of CDs. Thus, a bank will be protected in making payment to the holder a certi? cate indorsed by the payee, unless it has notice of the invalidity of the indorsement or the holder’s want of title. (10 Am Jur 2d Sec. 461). A bank acts at its peril when it pays deposits evidenced by a CD, without its production and surrender after proper indorsement. (Clark v. Young, 21 So. 2d 331 [1994]). The equitable principle of laches is not suf? cient to defeat the rights of respondent over the subject CDs. Laches is the failure or neglect, for an unreasonable length of time, to do that which, by exercising due diligence, could or should have been done earlier. It is negligence or omission to assert a right within a reasonable time, warranting a presumption that the party entitled to assert it either has abandoned it or declined to assert it. (Felizardo v. Fernandez, GR 137509, Aug. 15, 2001). There is no absolute rule as to what constitutes laches or staleness of demand; each case is to be determined according to its particular circumstances. The question of laches is addressed to the sound discretion of the court and, being an equitable doctrine, its application is controlled by equitable considerations. It cannot be used to defeat justice or perpetrate fraud and injustice. Courts will not be guided or bound strictly by the Statute of Limitations or the doctrine of laches when to do so manifest wrong or injustice would result. (Rosales v. CA, GR 137566, Feb. 28, 2001). Respondent is entitled to moral damages because of the mental anguish and humiliation she suffered as a result of the wrongly refusal of petitioner to pay her even after she had delivered the CDs. (Arts. 2217 and 2219). In addition, petitioner should pay respondent exemplary damages which the trial court imposed by way of example or correction for the public good (Art. 2229). Finally, respondent is entitled to attorney’s fees since petitioner’s act or omission compelled her to incur expenses to 9 Art. 1106 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES protect her interest making such award just and equitable. (Art. 2208). Development Bank of the Phils. v. CA Carlos Cajes GR 129471, Apr. 28, 2000 FACTS: Petitioner ? led an ejectment suit against private respondent, claiming ownership of a parcel of land covered by a TCT, which included the 19. 4 hectares being occupied by the latter. The trial court declared petitioner to be the owner of the land, but the Court of Appeals (CA) reversed the trial court. On appeal, petitioner claimed that its predecessor-in-interest had become the owner of the land by virtue of the decree of registration in his name. The Supreme Court af? rmed the CA. HELD: Taking into consideration the possession of his predecessor-in-interest, private respondent had been in uninterrupted adverse possession of the land for more than 30 years prior to the decree of registration issued in favor of petitioner’s predecessor-in-interest. Such possession ripened into ownership of the land thru acquisitive prescription, a mode of acquiring ownership and other real rights over immovable property. A decree of registration cut off or extinguished a right acquired by a person only when such right refers to a lien or encumbrance on the land which was not annotated on the certi? cate of title issued thereon, but not to the right of ownership thereof. Registration of land does not create a title nor vest one. Accordingly, the 19. 4 hectares of land being occupied by private respondent must be reconveyed in his favor. (11) Presumptive Period re Ill-Gotten Wealth or ‘Behest’ Loans Presidential Ad Hoc Fact-Finding Committee on Behest Loans v. Aniano A. Desierto (Recovery of Ill-Gotten Wealth) GR 130340, Oct. 25, 1999 114 SCAD 707 Behest loans, which are part of the ill-gotten wealth which former President Ferdinand E. Marcos and his cronies accumulated and which the Government thru the Presidential 10 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1107 Commission on Good Government (PCGG) seeks to recover, have a prescriptive period to be counted from the discovery of the crimes charged, and not from the date of their commission. If the commission of the crime is known, the prescriptive period shall commence to run on the day it was committed. The prosecution of offenses arising from, relating or incident to, or involving ill-gotten wealth contemplated in Sec. 15, Art. XI of the Philippine Constitution of 1987 may be barred by prescription. Said provision applies only in civil actions for recovery of ill-gotten wealth, and not to criminal cases. Art. 1107. Persons who are capable of acquiring property or rights by the other legal modes may acquire the same by means of prescription. Minors and other incapacitated persons may acquire property or rights by prescription, either personally or through their parents, guardians or legal representatives. COMMENT: (1) Who May Acquire Property or Rights by Prescription (a) those who can make use of the other modes of acquiring ownership. (b) even minors and other incapacitated persons (like the insane). (2) Reason for Par. 1 (Those Capable of Acquiring Property or Rights Thru the Other Modes) Since prescription is also a mode of acquiring ownership, it follows that if a person is capable of becoming an owner by the other legal modes, he should also be capable of acquiring the same property by prescription. Thus, if a person can become an owner by donation, he can also become an owner by prescription. (3) Query (Re Donation by Paramour) A husband cannot validly receive a donation from a paramour. Now then, can he acquire by prescription the property donated to him by the paramour? 11 Art. 1108 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES ANS. : Yes, but only by extraordinary prescription (not ordinary prescription) since he would be lacking the element of â€Å"just title. † There would be no â€Å"just title† because under the law, they are incapacitated to donate to each other. (See Art. 739, Civil Code). Note that even if a donation is VOID, it may constitute the legal basis for adverse possession. (See Tagalgal v. Luega, CA-GR 19651-R, Feb. 19, 1959). (4) Reason Why Minors May Acquire Personally This is because only juridical capacity is required for possession, not capacity to act. Thus, even discernment of intent to possess is not required for such personal acquisition. This is so because the law makes no distinction. Art. 1108. Prescription, both acquisitive and extinctive, runs against: (1) Minors and other incapacitated persons who have parents, guardians or other legal representatives; (2) Absentees who have administrators, either appointed by them before their disappearance, or appointed by the courts; (3) Persons living abroad, who have managers or administrators; (4) sions. Juridical persons, except the State and its subdivi- Persons who are disquali? ed from administering their property have a right to claim damages from their legal representatives whose negligence has been the cause of prescription. COMMENT: (1) Persons Against Whom Prescription May Run (a) The Article enumerates four such groups. (b) Reason for Pars. 1, 2, and 3: These people are supposed to be protected by those in charge. If they are not properly protected thru the lat12 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1109 ter’s negligence, a claim for damages against the latter can prosper. (2) Query (Re Minors Without Parents, etc. ) Suppose the minors or the insane persons have no parents or legal representatives, does prescription run against them? ANS. : While the Article seemingly implies that in such a case, prescription should not run against them, it is believed that Secs. 42, 45, and 46 of Act No. 190 (the Code of Civil Procedure) can apply to them, since implied repeals are not looked upon with favor. Thus, prescription can still run against minors, the insane, and those in jail, except that these people may still bring the action within a number of years after their disability has been removed: (a) 3 years — in case of recovery of land (b) 2 years — in other civil actions These saving clauses are in line with some saving clauses provided for minors and the incapacitated under the New Civil Code. (See, for example, Art. 285 with respect to the right of a natural child to compel recognition after the parent’s death, if the parent dies while the child was still a minor). If the minor has a guardian, there is NO DOUBT that prescription runs against him even during minority. (See Wenzel, et al. v. Surigao Consolidated Mining Co. , L-10843, May 31, 1960). (3) State and Its Subdivisions No prescription can run against them, except with reference to patrimonial property. (See Art. 1113, Civil Code). Art. 1109. Prescription does not run between husband and wife, even though there be a separation of property agreed upon in the marriage settlements or by judicial decree. Neither does prescription run between parents and children, during the minority or insanity of the latter, and between guardian and ward during the continuance of the guardianship. 13 Art. 1109 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES COMMENT: (1) No Prescription Between Husband and Wife (a) Reason for the law — The close relationship between them, engendered by affection or in? uence, may prevent one from suing the other. Hence, the general rule is — NO PRESCRIPTION. (NOTE: The Article was applied in Toriba Fontanilla Pacio, et al. v. Manuela Pacio Billon, et al. , L-15088, Jan. 31, 1961). (b) Note that there is no prescription even if there has been a â€Å"separation of property,† for the same reluctance to sue each other may still exist. (c) Query — Suppose the â€Å"separation of property† is the consequence of legal separation, does prescription run? ANS. : It is believed that prescription will also not run, for the law does not distinguish. After all, here, the â€Å"separation of property† would be â€Å"by judicial decree. † (d) Exceptions — when prescription is speci? cally provided for by law, such as: 1) the prescriptive period for legal separation suits (Art. 120, Civil Code); 2) alienations made by the husband, without the wife’s consent. (Art. 173, Civil Code). (2) Between Parents and Children (a) No prescription shall run between them during the MINORITY or INSANITY of the latter. A sensu contrario prescription runs if the legal disability does not exist anymore. (b) As a general rule, even if the child is neither insane nor incapacitated, an adverse possession cannot be predicated on the possession of the parent as against the child, or in the possession of the child as against its parent. Thus, where a father became insane, and one of his sons managed the 14 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Arts. 1110-1111 farm during the rest of his father’s lifetime and remained in possession of it for the statutory period, it was held that these facts alone did not warrant the presumption of a conveyance to the son by the father or of a release to him by the other heirs subsequent to their father’s death. (1 Am. Jur. 807 and Director of Lands v. Abiertas, 44 O. G. 923). (3) Between Guardian and Ward No prescription runs between them during the continuance of the guardianship. This is so even if the guardian expressly repudiates the guardianship (without court approval); otherwise, the trust relationship would be rendered nugatory. Art. 1110. Prescription, acquisitive and extinctive, runs in favor of, or against a married woman. COMMENT: Prescription in the Case of a Married Woman This Article refers to a married woman and a stranger. Art. 1111. Prescription obtained by a co-proprietor or a co-owner shall bene? t the others. COMMENT: (1) Prescription Obtained by Co-Proprietor or Co-Owner Reason: In a sense, a co-owner or co-proprietor acts for the interest of the whole co-ownership. Similarly, an action for ejectment may be brought by just one of the co-owners. (See Art. 487, Civil Code). [NOTE, however, that as between or among co-owners, there can be prescription when there is a de? nite repudiation of the co-ownership, made known to the other co-owners. (Laguna v. Levantino, 71 Phil. 566). ] 15 Art. 1112 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (2) Limitation The prescription obtained by a co-owner must have reference to the property held in common, naturally; otherwise the Article does not apply. Art. 1112. Persons with capacity to alienate property may renounce prescription already obtained, but not the right to prescribe in the future. Prescription is deemed to have been tacitly renounced when the renunciation results from acts which imply the abandonment of the right acquired. COMMENT: (1) Requisites for Renunciation of Property Acquired by Prescription (a) Renouncer must have capacity to alienate property (because renunciation is an exercise to the jus disponendi). (b) The property acquired must have already been obtained (hence, the right to prescription in the future cannot be renounced, since manifestly, this would be contrary to public policy). (c) The renouncing must be made by the owner of the right (not by a mere administrator or guardian, for he does not own the property). (d) The renouncing must not prejudice the rights of others, such as creditors. (Arts. 6, 1114, Civil Code). (2) Form (a) may be express or implied (tacit) (b) requires no consent on the part of the person to be bene? ted (c) requires no solemnities or formalities (3) Implied or Tacit Renunciation There is tacit renunciation when there is an action which implies the abandonment of the right acquired. 16 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1113 Example: Sonia formerly owed Esperanza but the debt has already prescribed. (a) If Sonia, knowing that the debt has prescribed, nevertheless still acknowledges the existence of the debt and promises to pay for it, there is an implied renunciation of the prescription. She still has a civil obligation. (b) If Sonia, knowing that the debt has prescribed, nevertheless voluntarily pays the debt, she cannot recover what she had paid. This would be a natural obligation. (c) If Sonia, not knowing that the debt has prescribed pays it, there is no renunciation of the prescription; and she can still recover on the basis of solutio indebiti. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE: If a taxpayer, complaining repeatedly against a tax assessment, makes several requests for a reinvestigation thereof, he may be said to have WAIVED the defense of prescription. (Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. v. Ct. of Tax Appeals Collector of Int. Rev. , L-13203, Jan. 28, 1961). Art. 1113. All things which are within the commerce of men are susceptible of prescription, unless otherwise provided. Property of the State or any of its subdivisions not patrimonial in character shall not be the object of prescription. COMMENT: (1) Things That May Be Acquired by Prescription Generally — all things within the commerce of man. (2) Patrimonial Property (a) By implication under this Article, patrimonial property of the State or any of its subdivisions may be acquired by prescription. (b) While it may be claimed that a direct and clear provision (Art. 1108, Civil Code — which says that prescription does not run against the State or any of its subdivisions) prevails 17 Art. 1113 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES over an implication (Art. 1113, Civil Code), still when we consider the intent of Congress in inserting the phrase â€Å"not patrimonial in character† in the original draft submitted by the Code Commission, it is clear that patrimonial property may indeed be the subject of prescription. This is so because patrimonial properties are really in the same category as private properties. (3) No Prescription With Respect to Public Property Public property, however, cannot be the subject of prescription. This rule applies even to privately owned unregistered lands which, unless the contrary is shown, are presumed to be public lands, under the principle that â€Å"all lands belong to the Crown unless they had been granted by the King (State) or in his name, or by the Kings who preceded him. † (Valenton v. Murciano, 3 Phil. 53). However, the rule just stated cannot be altogether in? exible, as witnessed, for example, by the presence of Rep. Act 1942 (approved June 22, 1957), amending Sec. 48(b) of the Public Land Act (Com. Act 141). Thus, as amended by RA 1952, Sec. 48 of CA 141 now reads as follows: â€Å"Section 48. The following described citizens of the Philippines occupying lands of the public domain or claiming to own any such land or an interest therein, but whose titles have not been perfected or completed, may apply to the Court of First Instance of the province where the land is located for con? rmation of their claims and the issuance of a certi? cate of title therefor, under the Land Registration Act, to wit: xxx â€Å"b) Those who by themselves or through their predecessors in interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of agricultural lands of the public domain, under a bona ? de claim of acquisition of ownership, for at least thirty years immediately preceding the ? ling of the application for con? rmation of the title except when prevented by war or force majeure. These shall be conclusively presumed to have performed all the conditions essential to a Government grant, and shall be entitled to a certi? cate of title 18 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Art. 1114 under the provisions of this chapter (the chapter deals with judicial con? rmation of imperfect or incomplete titles). † (NOTE: However, under RA 107, the deadline of the application was only up to Dec. 31, 1957. ) (4) Some Doctrines (a) A ? shpond constructed in the Bambang River can be ordered removed by the government, regardless of the number of years that have elapsed since the construction of said ? shpond, inasmuch as a river, or a portion thereof, is property o